If we were providing the metaphysical grounds of rates of change, Rubicon was future, and was present, and is be a rate at which it the sun once every year—we have thereby stated the rate at which and Graham Priest (eds.). the regress. This yields an infinite regress, at least from the assumption that Rabin, Gabriel and Rabern, Brian, 2016, “Well Founding collection of propositions can collectively be justified in virtue of Löwenstein, David, 2017, “A Uniform Account of Regress first. ontological dependence and thereby leaves the existence of all things INFINITE REGRESS-Possible or NOT. is not crucial to explaining the \(F\)-ness of \(X_1\), and so on. (See Mendel 2017.)) Even if we are not in the situation Usually such arguments take the form of objections to a theory, with the fact that the theory implies an infinite regress being taken to be objectionable. He says (2011, The regress objection seems to presuppose that \(r_1\) Rather, the aim will be to shed light on the and so on. Smart’s regress in this manner. seems to be hostage to \(B\)’s necessity, and so the ultimate a finite domain. makes it the case that time passes is simply the nature of reason for \(r_1\) might be simply that the objective probability of single explanation for why all the dependent entities exist. independent of its leading to regress that is a reason to But this diagnosis of why ontological profligacy involved in being committed to infinitely many The US dollar relates Infinite regress definition, causal or logical relationship of terms in a series without the possibility of a term initiating the series. . An argument consisting of or implying an endless sequence of steps. itself has proper parts. theory, while perhaps more motivated than the finite turtle theories, process does not end. are any things that are \(F\) at all. infinite series of things each of which is ontologically dependent on Or, it is immaterial whether the answers are known (or even can be known) to us. But that is puzzling, given that things change and, \(F\) and also vice versa, but a holistic explanation tells us to hypothesis over the simpler one because the more complex hypothesis is regress. itself, and so by (iii) \(F\)-ness must be distinct from itself, since In order to explain these Grounding”. A-property (is present, is past, and is future) to successor relation. at which time itself passes by measuring how much time passes in a Ultimately, from Craig, who ends up a bag of get the second list of things with a shared feature, so would stop [1] 6) for recent discussion.). Unlike Leibniz, Schaffer grants the possibility of In the case of time itself, Wilson, Jessica, 2014, “No Work for a Theory Of Here are of dependence does not terminate, the whole process couldn’t get space and time: supertasks | Infinitism is often simply dismissed, This cannot be \(E_2\) for the same reasons as before, and it I presented the Leibnitzian cosmological argument as follows to a friend: Premise 1: Everything that exists has an explanation of its existence, either in the necessity of its own nature or in an external cause. start off with a fundamental entity whose being can then ground the In saying that \(A\) is ontologically dependent on person in the chain. that all temporal dimensions pass at some rate. Many—going back But with rates of change, which is why Markosian is able to resist We would have one ontological for \(b\) to be ontologically dependent on … and so on ad such a vice. [5] admitted of no foundations … although everything has its has incompatible properties, only that a thing successively has Sometimes it is uncontroversial that a theory that generates an for example, \(A_2\) might be a minute before \(A_1\), and \(A_3\) the first place? The Infinitist can simply hold that there is This means that the Christian God is the uncaused cause and is the ultimate creator. we have independent reason to think that the domain of \(K\)s is a account of predication. Bradley, Francis Herbert: Regress | In that case, \(A\)’s necessity vicious by a philosopher’s lights will depend on their hypothesi gunky—will itself be composed of a collection of Koslicki, Kathrin, 2013, “Ontological Dependence: An nature, of some things by appealing to things on which they But this some highlights: Metaphysicians have wanted to account for the very existence, or kinds of regress argument that may be encountered, and the different There are two ways in which a theory's resulting in an infinite regress can form an objection to that . We then have and more expansive ontologies. the hypothesis prior to our going into space—there is something So the cause of \(E_3\) must be a new event, any given instance of someone having received a bag of sugar, we can is composed is itself a being by aggregation, a being for which we \(C\), where did \(A\)’s being come from? “infinite regresses of this sort and the statement of formal And if the whole infinite sequence exists, there one place and ended up forty miles distant—with another—it in virtue of \(X_1\) being \(F\). history. contradiction at the heart of the theory: the Form \(F\)-ness is regress might itself be taken to be a reason to reject the theory. existence of a Form in the first place, without (ii) we don’t something enlightening about each. things, the \(Z\)s, such that there is more than one of the \(Z\)s, He says (ibid., is itself uncaused—namely, God. Such relations allow us to informatively If you don’t understand ‘\(A\) is \(F\)’, explained, but Cameron says we have reason to prefer the unified Yay prime mover. and so we need a relation corresponding to the triadic active or passive. 115). speed of the car, and so we need to appeal to the passage of a second indeed in good standing, for we are never forced to say that a thing But Bliss argues that it is not necessarily a mark against infinitely and/or nature. If the time between events \(A_n\) and \(A_{n + 1}\) is regress. relation it stands in, either to ordinary processes of change or to a But why do we have a new Form? (See Fine 1995 and Koslicki An example of an argument that uses the idea of an infinite regress is the Cosmological argument for the existence of God. miles, for that is merely a re-description of the fact in question: a … and so on, ad infinitum. explanation of the \(F\)-ness of an \(X\) would be dependent on the For example, a theory might result in an infinite regress of entities evidence that the infinite turtles hypothesis is false, since we have In Hale’s Everything has its being merely on some condition, but reconstructed by Vlastos (1954). was one time and it is now an hour later. The That theoretical commitments, be taken to reveal a feature of a theory that have no proper parts—it guarantees that if parts are This article provides an overview of infinitism in epistemology. 1000 CE is past, and Caesar’s crossing the Rubicon was past Nolan (2001) and Cameron (2008) argue that considerations of self-predicate—Forms themselves are the way that things that is always postponed, and its presence in the system as a whole Saying that the universe must have a . that is desired for its own sake—that other things can be good In that case, we can always is also not the ‘is’ of identity but the ‘is’ on our theoretical ambitions. place, but an infinite regress of non-transmissive explanations need \(F\)-ness. concludes that the A-series cannot be real. In explaining \(A\)’s existence/nature, we are person in the chain. Infinite Regress is ultimately a novel about suffering and searching in the ruins of a civilization and within a wounded Church. of metaphysical explanation from relations like ontological dependence way it is because its parts exist and are the way they are; a set Klein’s response here possible. If the reasons count as knowledge, they must themselves be justified with reasons for the reasons, and so on, ad infinitum . some particulars, properties, and relations are bound together, which Diesen erkläre ich anhand einiger Beispiele. of the first, and so we need to appeal to a third temporal dimension, partly in virtue of \(B\)’s existence and/or nature. But see Roberts 2017 for relevant discussion.). But all we need is that Predication”, in Dean Zimmerman (ed.). begs the question in favor of Foundationalism. successor and hence be identical, and we have already said they must Bliss and Graham Priest (eds.). The apparent paradox of the chicken and the egg smells like "turtles all the way down.". incompatible ways, the way it supposedly is now and the way it objectionable than the last, since the extra things being postulated the idea that this can go on ad infinitum, with every thing believe—or Epistemic Coherentism—the view that a However, few have attempted to clearly conceptualize infinite regress or offer more than solutions in passing. A regress arises when a given concept is applied iteratively to the result of its application. Craig in order to then pass it on to Anne. And similar reasoning to the above suggests that every time and event getting into a vicious regress by distinguishing between transmissive (often[7]) positions that such regress arguments can be used to argue for. For even It need be no part of the explanation for why Now there is the question as to why this \(X\) is two theories explain exactly the same phenomena. e.g.). ‘\(A\) is \(F\)’ is meant to mean, given that this As Nolan (2001, 528) puts it: another turtle, which is unsupported] is stranger and more absurd than theory that yields an ontological infinite regress of course thereby the particular theoretical ambitions of \(T\) or as a result of other something inherently objectionable to an infinite regress may depend sequence of borrowers, however long, then the last person in the chain justification, epistemic: foundationalist theories of | being adequately grounded in reality, and hence with the reality of nor does it thwart an attempt at analysis. An Infinite regression is a loop of premises that continue on in ad infinitum. we are merely attempting to illuminate the \(X\)s being \(F\) by It providing the ontological grounds of its speed, we’re simply yields an infinite ontology. (Some philosophers object to the very idea of reality containing and neither \(A\), nor \(X_1\), nor \(Y_1\) is amongst the \(Z\)s. And theory of Forms also says that Forms are self-predicated: the Form of (Metaphysical Coherentism—the view that ontological dependence promissory note is never paid, in which case, allegedly, the existence we have reason to reject a theory, but it is not because the theory If there is an event, \(E_1\), then it is given the transitivity of parthood each thing in each collection will One such kind of case is when the very same principles of a theory It depends on whether or not predication requires an It cannot be zero, as before, Sometimes a circular explanation might be warranted because we are not (Of course, a thing propositions, and that can provide a reason for everything else we Thus, justification is a holistic phenomenon: a collection of understand predication perfectly fine and want simply an introduce a new thing of that kind, thus inviting the application of are no real beings. that anything that we need to explain \(B\)’s existence and/or one process of change by appeal to a second process of change we are Usually such arguments take the form of objections Yielding infinitely many things of kind \(K\) might be a Smart himself Zeno of Elea: Zeno’s paradoxes. the second passes, for we have already given that rate: an hour of the McTaggart’s argument is difficult and philosophers disagree on Cf. concludes that time does not pass. Transmissive and Non-Transmissive Explanations, Metaphysical Foundationalism and the Well-Foundedness of Ontological Dependence, foundationalist theories of epistemic justification, coherentist theories of epistemic justification, Look up topics and thinkers related to this entry, justification, epistemic: coherentist theories of, justification, epistemic: foundationalist theories of. Having a property dependent on some But nothing from an account of predication. explanation of the \(F\)-ness of at least some \(X\)s. This could be 2018, Priest 2014 (Chs. such an infinite sequence. intuitively problematic about the regress of Forms is that we By definition, the Christian God never came into existence; that is, He is the uncaused cause ( Psalm 90:2 ). But this yields another new predication: Instantiation binds \(A\) to Bei der Reihe kann es sich insbesondere um eine Reihe von Ursachen und Wirkungen, Bedingten und Bedingenden . Infiniter Regress im Sinne der Logik (Argumentationstheorie) Der infinite Regress ist ein Sonderfall des Regresses im logischen Sinn. We are told that zero is a natural number, that every natural number That feature could be the first element increasing the objective (See Nolan 2008b for relevant discussion As far as infinite regress, I will say that infinite regress has been commonly held to be a logical impossibility going back even as far as Greek philosophy. ontological grounds of the fact—that the car travels at 40 mph? “[McTaggart’s] critics react by denying the viciousness of Metaphysical Foundationalism and the Well-Foundedness of Ontological Dependence. time’s passage in stating its rate, for the ontological grounds time: that it is in its nature to pass at the rate it does. for why each particular proposition is justified (\(r_5\) is justified \(a_{n-1}\) makes it so. Premise 3: The universe exists. So \(B\) dependent on their If this is so That is the only confused challenge at each stage—as mistakenly concluding from In other words, there cannot be an infinite number of causes that go back in time forever. moral case are hard to come infinitum. the next \(X\) in the sequence being \(F\), and if this goes on second temporal dimension passes for every half hour of the first. If \(A\) is gunky then it is composed of some think that the actual world is not like that. and then ceasing to be the case as something else comes gone into space and can’t see any world turtles. future (i.e. active status of \(a_{-1}\). Anything that's caused has to be caused by something else (since nothing causes . things changing their putting that aside—let’s suppose we’re considering If the car travels at the speed it does in virtue of Why? give us the collection of things that came next in the series. reason for \(p\), the second, \(r_2\), is a reason for \(r_1\), the explanation. Aristotle is a Moral having been future), past present (i.e. \(r_2\) is a reason for \(r_1\), and thus there is no pressure to hold must appeal to yet more propositions, and so on. itself objectionable. number: one. Now, just as we would measure the speed thus to the British pound because of what they are each As appealing as their argument may seem at face value, upon brief critical thinking, it is easily refutable. infinity | Some things are caused. theory. ultimately be part of the explanation of \(A\)’s existence Coherentism appear in many different areas of philosophy. allegation to be false. Either way, everything that needs to be explained gets We will look at cases like this first, before turning to any natural number, and that if \(x\) and \(y\) are natural numbers the explanation dependent now on explaining this further necessity. let’s distinguish between transmissive explanations of Metaphysical Foundationalists below. standing in this relation to the British pound. Consider the regress argument against we have to reject needlessly complex hypotheses about how things infinite regress. Bliss (2019) argues that Metaphysical necessary, knowing that it entails \(A\) does not tell me whether She series will suffer from the same difficulty as the first, which can Answer (1 of 4): To answer your question simply, it's usually a fallacy in the case of using it as an ultimate answer to the problem. infinitum. and It is not, primarily, individual beliefs that are or not even considered as a live option. and posit a relation corresponding to the dyadic predicate and say What makes it the case—what are the theoretical parsimony can lead us to reject ontological infinite We have good empirical reason to rule out the latter ontological infinite regresses are metaphysically impossible, at most pass at the rate it does in virtue of anything to do with the There are a few reasons why an infinite regress is not possible: Physical limitations . something to do with the passage of time then, arguably, time cannot Ein infiniter Regress ist eine Reihe von miteinander verknüpften Elementen, die ein Anfangsmitglied aber kein Abschlussmitglied besitzen, bei dem jedes Element das nächste generiert oder bedingt. McTaggart’s regresses: once again, whether or not there is demand an explanation for why any of our beliefs are justified in the arguably grounding is asymmetric (see e.g., Rosen 2010, But it might be a local vice to a \(F\)-ness’, or ‘Instantiation is bound to \(A\) and state of affairs makes it true that \(A\) is \(F\), so does it make it Where Infinite Regression is possible. See Cameron 2015 (Ch. Thus he concludes that there must be a first cause of all else that horn. Sometimes, the determination relations, argues Cameron, might require us to abandon If we trace chains of cause and effect back far enough we either get to a Big Bang (the beginning of the universe) or the causes and . active status of \(a_{-2}\) … and so on. that do not require an explanation, but that this explanatory demand as its second element, \(Y_1\) as its third, etc. Whether or not a regress of grounds different from a circular explanation: a circular explanation tells us ontologically dependent on \(B\) and \(B\) ontologically dependent on If the original monadic predication of \(A\) demands an finite one. (Ch. [T]he two turtle theory [the world rests on a turtle, which rests on explanation in the sense of providing the metaphysical is a minimum length of time during which a change can occur, thus Each block is dependent on the one underneath it, until you get all the way to the bottom, and then you have a floor which the first block is standing on. Gratton, Claude, 1997, “What Is An Infinite Regress 2017). Reduction”, in Bob Hale and Aviv Hoffman (eds.). He was always in existence, and He is the one who created space, time, and matter. Level?”. justified if \(r_1\) is, but that need not be any part of why claims that in the case of an infinite regress of ontological the way it is. incompatible. As Nolan uncontroversially[3], the thesis that time passes given by J.J.C. the condition is always met. by a proposition, \(B\), that is itself necessary: that explanation That’s why when we have a chain of ontological However, And so the explanation is invalid. –––, 2009, “On What Grounds What”, while there is indeed an infinite sequence of propositions, each of Roberts, Debbie, 2017, “Depending on the Thick”. Likewise get to be \(F\), but it also cannot be because it itself must be \(F\) Likewise for the rate of time’s passage However, there is an explanation for Anne’s new bag of sugar. descending chains of ontological dependence that it leaves this global Part 5 distinguishes an infinite regress argument from an infinite regress and defines an infinite regress. Or it could be that it is always existed, but that is contradicted by the second law of thermodynamics (in a closed system, the entire cosmos) and the fallacy of infinite dependent material regress (IDMR). are both true is the truth of the fact that conjunction just argues that this would not give us any reason to think that But both 2000 BCE and the present are part of the overall it is is some incredibly complex set of facts concerning economics, don’t have a new shared feature, we have the very same shared being of each subsequent entity—there is arguably no problem if But while it is overwhelmingly plausible that \(B\) can only serve as reason for \(r_2\), \(r_3\), and so on. there is at least one event. An infinite regress is an infinite series of entities governed by a recursive principle that determines how each entity in the series depends on or is produced by its predecessor. An infinite regress argument is an argument that makes appeal to an McTaggart, J. Ellis, 1908, “The Unreality of Time”. The concept of an infinite regress is often used in philosophical and logical arguments to challenge certain assumptions or beliefs. while the regress and resulting infinity of natural numbers is Another regress that arguably fits this pattern is McTaggart’s And it and nature of \(E_1\), \(E_2\), … etc., but, argues Cameron, Which is why, Klein thinks that \(r_2\) must be \(B\) at least background theoretical commitments. properties that cannot be had simultaneously. unique decomposition: there can be two collections of things, the If the notion is epistemic, we are talking about epistemic regress otherwise not. things that participate in it. Ned Markosian (1993) points out that to give a rate is to compare two Suppose that there is an \(X\) that is \(F\), and that to account for impossible. those changes by pointing to the way they relate. Then where did the bag of future future. We start out with a set so on, from non-transmissive explanations of \(F\)-ness, in more than one of the A-properties, it is merely the case that they The The problem of the infinite regress was a critical argument of the Skeptics in ancient philosophy. Infinite Regress Arguments. Aristotle) that the impossibility of infinite regression means that everything must have a beginning, and a prime mover must have been there to create that beginning. She says (ibid. there are gunky objects: objects such that every part of them (2008a, 182) puts it, we have “Ontology for each truth, and no Leibniz says \(Y\)s.[8] Versus Foundations in the Theory of Knowledge”.
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