Whereas all three components (D, β, and Q˙) increase on exercise, D/(βQ˙) falls. Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error, A receiver operating characteristic curve illustrating the performance of the diffusion capacity for carbon monoxide (DLCO%) of predicted as a diagnostic test for identifying patients who develop ≥4% oxygen desaturation during a 6-minute walk test. 0, 13 October 2006 | Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports, Vol. Utility of Equations to Estimate Peak Oxygen Uptake and Work Rate From a 6-Minute Walk Test in Patients With COPD in a Clinical Setting. Exercise-induced arterial hypoxemia is usually viewed as occurring only during very heavy or maximum exercise. 1.Exercise-induced hypoxemia in Thoroughbred horses (see Refs. 3, Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology, Vol. Fig. 40, No. 3, 23 July 2012 | The Journal of Physiology, Vol. Hyperoxic O2supplementation studies usually show a concomitant effect on exercise performance, but these effects may be substantially less than onV˙o 2 max (26,35). 592, No. Copyright © 2021 Sociedade Portuguesa de Pneumologia. 11, No. WebDoes correction of exercise-induced desaturation by O2 always improve exercise tolerance in COPD? Accessibility 133, No. 2, Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, Vol. 591, No. 121, No. 593, No. How significant and widespread is the occurrence of excessivea-a Do 2and EIAH during submaximal exercise and does this imply that EIAH results from a negative effect of training on lung structure, rather than merely a marked discrepancy between the adaptability of pulmonary vs. cardiovascular determinants of O2 transport? 2.Exercise-induced arterial hypoxemia in fit humans (n = 15 young women) during treadmill running. 2, Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, Vol. Background Exercise training is important in the management of adults with chronic pulmonary conditions. The site is secure. 80, No. Before In addition, obesity, severe airflow limitation, and low resting oxygen saturation increase the risk for EID. This critical dependence ofV˙o 2 max on O2 transport may only apply to normal or highly trained subjects, whereas theV˙o 2 max in the extremely sedentary subject or animal may not be O2 supply dependent (4, 23). 9, 25 July 2019 | The Journal of Physiology, Vol. Acta Physiol Scand. 4, 5 April 2006 | The Journal of Physiology, Vol. WebBackground: Persistence of breathlessness after recovery from SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia is frequent. doi: 10.1016/0021-9681(85)90035-9. Would you like email updates of new search results? R, Rivera-Lillo. Smaller lungs in women affect exercise hyperpnea. 103, No. 297, 12 January 2022 | The Journal of Physiology, Vol. Moderate Altitude Residence Reduces Male Colorectal and Female Breast Cancer Mortality More Than Incidence: Therapeutic Implications? 1, Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports, Vol. Effect of pursed lips breathing on exercise-induced desaturation in patients with oxygen therapy Kyosuke Imashiro1, Yoshiaki Minakata2, Atsushi Hayata3, Masanori Nakanishi3, 11, 29 October 2012 | Equine Veterinary Journal, Vol. 2015;109:1138–1146. 1, 9 May 2008 | Obesity Surgery, Vol. Epub 2013 Oct 9. Second, the mechanical influences of airway diameter and respiratory muscle force production may prevent expression of the full ventilatory response to existing stimuli. 91, No. The 6-min walk test (6MWT) is the gold stand-ard exercise test and has been validated for most chronic … Rev Mal Respir. 2022 Jan-Dec;16:17534666221132477. doi: 10.1177/17534666221132477. 7, 6 July 2021 | International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, Vol. Indeed, there are data suggesting a role for histamine in the development of EIAH (44). In humans, EIAH severity correlates most consistently and inversely witha-a Do 2. In this study, measurements were made with the help of a probe connected to the audio jack of the smartphone. WebExercise-induced oxygen desaturation is common among people with COPD, with up to 47% of patients referred to pulmonary rehabilitation demonstrating a decrease in oxygen … Respir Physiol Neurobiol. When infusion of sodium bicarbonate maintains a stable blood buffer capacity, acidosis is attenuated and SaO2 increases from 89% to 95%. 37, No. 11, 22 August 2014 | American Journal of Human Biology, Vol. 105, No. 1, 4 June 2002 | Pediatric Pulmonology, Vol. Noninvasive ear oximetry is commonly used in exercise studies in healthy subjects who would not be expected to desaturate >10%. Chron Respir Dis. A widening of the PAO2-PaO2 difference does indicate that a diffusion limitation, a ventilation-perfusion mismatch and/or a shunt influence the transport of O2 from alveoli to the pulmonary capillaries. 8, 25 March 2010 | Acta Physiologica, Vol. 2022 Mar 2;13:828357. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2022.828357. The measurable threshold of this effect occurs at a ∼3% reduction in SaO2 from a normal resting value of 98%, and a linear association betweenΔSaO2 and ΔV˙o 2 max (where Δ indicates change) is observed beyond this threshold such that each further 1% reduction in SaO2(or CaO2) causes a ∼1–2% reduction in V˙o 2 max. The mode and duration of exercise. The .gov means it’s official. The aims of this study were to estimate the prevalence of O2 desaturation during a 6MWT based on pulse oximetry measurements at the beginning and end of a 6MWT in a clinical population of patients with suspected cardiopulmonary disease and to determine whether the pulmonary function test (PFT) can predict exercise-induced desaturation during a 6MWT. Online ahead of print. Exercise induced oxygen desaturation (EID) is highly prevalent among patients with COPD. The effect of EIAH onV˙o 2 max has been demonstrated in a limited number of studies in fit humans and horses by adding sufficient O2 to the inspired air to prevent the EIAH (13, 23, 41, 55) (see Figs. Ferretti G, Fagoni N, Taboni A, Vinetti G, di Prampero PE. Strumiliene E, Zeleckiene I, Bliudzius R, Samuilis A, Zvirblis T, Zablockiene B, Strumila A, Gruslys V, Malinauskiene L, Kasiulevicius V, Jancoriene L. Medicina (Kaunas). 28, No. In a study conducted by Chan et al., HR and SaO 2 measurements with smartphones were undertaken in healthy volunteers and patients with chronic lung disease during exercise and at rest. 36, No. 107, No. 2006;100(1):115–122. Decramer M, Janssens W. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and comorbidities. 2, No. 2016 Nov 22;11:2869-2875. doi: 10.2147/COPD.S114497. 120, No. 1, Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews, Vol. 4, 1 March 2003 | Journal of Applied Physiology, Vol. 21, No. 11, 26 September 2019 | The Journal of Physiology, Vol. sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal 20, 5 July 2020 | European Journal of Applied Physiology, Vol. 9, No. Arterial O2content (CaO2) follows saturation but will be modified by Hb concentration, which generally increases slightly from rest to heavy exercise. 1, 21 April 2007 | European Journal of Applied Physiology, Vol. FOIA 2, No. 39: Advanced Airway Management. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. A major protective mechanism in long-term exercise may be the greater hyperventilatory response. Age, sex, body mass index, underlying diseases, medications, and results of the pulmonary function tests and 6MWT were retrospectively collected and analyzed. We recorded dyspnea score and heart rate during 6MWT. Arterial blood temperature is commonly measured directly or estimated from esophageal temperature. Effect of pursed lips breathing on exercise-induced desaturation in patients with oxygen therapy. 2, Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology, Vol. Pulmonary Capacity, Blood Composition and Metabolism among Coal Mine Workers in High- and Low-Altitude Aboveground and Underground Workplaces. On the other hand, in many trained subjects, the trend toward EIAH clearly begins at moderate intensity workloads, asa-a Do 2widens abnormally with little or no accompanying hyperventilatory compensation (7, 14, 46). 128, No. 2016 Aug;13 Suppl 4:S326-31. Collectively, these data suggest that exhaled NO is not related to decreased SaO2 during heavy exercise in highly trained male cyclists. 134, No. Reaching the limits to oxygen flow. Receiver operating curve analysis indicates DLCO cut-off of 45% is 82% sensitive and 40% specific in identifying ≥4% O2 desaturators, with an area under the curve of 0.788 ± 0.039 (p < 0.001). 12, No. 5, Journal of Human Kinetics, Vol. Rizzi M, Sarzi-Puttini P, Airoldi A, Antivalle M, Battellino M, Atzeni F. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2, Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, Vol. At rest, it is clear that the entirea-a Do 2is accounted for byV˙a/Q˙inequality in normal subjects (humans and other mammals). The aim of this study was to investigate the development of exercise-induced hypoxemia (EIH defined as an exercise decrease > 4 % in oxygen arterial saturation, i. e. … Of these candidates,1 cannot be currently excluded, and direct evidence is impossible to obtain. Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. 151, No. In SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia, ABGs at discharge cannot predict the persistence of EID, which is frequent. Caffeine Increases Exercise Performance, Maximal Oxygen Uptake, and Oxygen Deficit in Elite Male Endurance Athletes, Utility of the oxygen pulse in the diagnosis of obstructive coronary artery disease in physically fit patients, Correlation of Sleep Quality with Cognition, Exercise Capacity, and Fatigue in Patients with Chronic Respiratory Diseases, Oxygen Saturation Behavior by Pulse Oximetry in Female Athletes: Breaking Myths, Ventilatory efficiency in athletes, asthma and obesity. 2020 Jan-Dec;17:1479973120952418. doi: 10.1177/1479973120952418. 586, No. doi: 10.1016/j.rmed.2015.06.013. 101, No. 190, Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology, Vol. ATS statement: Guidelines for the six-minute walk test. ArterialPO2(PaO2) is determined by the level of alveolar ventilation at any given metabolic demand, together with the efficiency with which O2 is exchanged between alveolar gas and arterial blood, as indicated by the alveolar-to-arterial PO2 difference (a-a Do 2). 13, No. 9, Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology, Vol. Respir. Home page Questions and answers Statistics Donations Contact 3, No. 19, No. 6, Canadian Journal of Applied Physiology, Vol. The 0.21 and 0.26 FIO2 data are from Refs. 4, 19 October 2012 | European Journal of Applied Physiology, Vol. Determining which of these alone or in combination are responsible for any increase ina-a Do 2with exercise is difficult, and most such information has come from using the multiple inert-gas-elimination technique (MIGET). 145, No. Does EIAH occur because the highly trained human or animal has undergone adaptation in nonpulmonary (i.e., cardiovascular and metabolic) determinants of maximum O2 transport andV˙o 2 max but not at the level of the lung and airways (6)? It is advisable then to distinguish (and to report) the independent effects of a reduced PaO2 vs. pH and temperature effects on SaO2 by using a standardized HbO2 dissociation curve.1 Fig. Thompson J. M., Stone J. Breathing Pattern Adopted by Children with Cystic Fibrosis with Mild to Moderate Pulmonary Impairment during Exercise, Effects of formoterol on endurance performance in athletes at an ambient temperature of −20°C, Exercise-induced arterial hypoxaemia in active young women, Poor compensatory hyperventilation in morbidly obese women at peak exercise, GXT Responses in Altitude-Acclimatized Cyclists during Sea-Level Simulation, Lung density is not altered following intense normobaric hypoxic interval training in competitive female cyclists, Population genetic aspects and phenotypic plasticity of ventilatory responses in high altitude natives, Insufficient ventilation as a cause of impaired pulmonary gas exchange during submaximal exercise, Prolonged expiration down to residual volume leads to severe arterial hypoxemia in athletes during submaximal exercise, Control of breathing and adaptation to high altitude in the bar-headed goose, Human lung density is not altered following normoxic and hypoxic moderate-intensity exercise: implications for transient edema, Extracellular bicarbonate and non-bicarbonate buffering against lactic acid during and after exercise, Effects of hypoxia on diaphragmatic fatigue in highly trained athletes, Intense hypoxic cycle exercise does not alter lung density in competitive male cyclists, Arterial versus capillary blood gases: A meta-analysis, Excessive Gas Exchange Impairment during Exercise in A Subject with A History of Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia And High Altitude Pulmonary Edema, Ventilatory control in humans: constraints and limitations, Exercise-Induced Pulmonary Hemorrhage After Running a Marathon, Continued divergence in V̇o2 max of rats artificially selected for running endurance is mediated by greater convective blood O2 delivery, Exhaled nitric oxide in single and repetitive prolonged exercise, Effect of prolonged exercise on arterial oxygen saturation in athletes susceptible to exercise-induced hypoxemia, Moderate exercise in hypoxia induces a greater arterial desaturation in trained than untrained men, Lung function, arterial saturation and oxygen uptake in elite cross country skiers: influence of exercise mode. Taylor R. C., Maloiy G. M. D., Weibel E. R., Langman V. A., Kamau J. M. Z., Seeherman H. J., Heglund N. C. Design of the mammalian respiratory system. 3, 1 June 2006 | Journal of Applied Physiology, Vol. 22, No. 590, No. Recovery from acute respiratory failure (ARF) is usually determined by normalized … Prolonged exercise at moderate exercise intensities (<80%V˙o 2 max) only very rarely causes EIAH, even in subjects who experience significant EIAH in short-term maximal exercise (12, 17). WebTubing that is kinked or obstructed or has a leak can interfere with oxygen delivery to the client and result in desaturation. The effects of caffeine on ventilation and pulmonary function during exercise: an often-overlooked response. Vitacca M, Olivares A, Comini L, Vezzadini G, Langella A, Luisa A, Petrolati A, Frigo G, Paneroni M. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2, 1 February 2003 | Journal of Applied Physiology, Vol. 4, 12 January 2022 | European Respiratory Review, Vol. Note large drop in saturation caused by rightward movement of the O2 dissociation (diss) curve at heavy exercise. 8-1.3 Explain the pathophysiology of airway compromise. 34, No. Cardiovascular determinants of maximal oxygen consumption in upright and supine posture at the end of prolonged bed rest in humans, Reduced muscle activation during exercise related to brain oxygenation and metabolism in humans, Prolonged Repeated-Sprint Ability Is Related to Arterial O2 Desaturation in Men, Expiratory flow limitation during exercise in prepubescent boys and girls: prevalence and implications, A definition of normovolaemia and consequences for cardiovascular control during orthostatic and environmental stress, Cerebral oxygenation is reduced during hyperthermic exercise in humans, Respiratory muscle endurance training: effect on normoxic and hypoxic exercise performance, The effects of normoxia, hypoxia, and hyperoxia on cerebral haemoglobin saturation using near infrared spectroscopy during maximal exercise, Intérêt pronostique de l’épreuve fonctionnelle d’exercice au cours de la mucoviscidose de l’adulte, The pulmonary system during exercise in hypoxia and the cold, Altitude training considerations for the winter sport athlete, Oxygen uptake and transport in air breathers, Alterations in oxidative gene expression in equine skeletal muscle following exercise and training, Arterial Oxygen Desaturation Response to Repeated Bouts of Sprint Exercise in Healthy Young Women, Pulmonary perfusion heterogeneity is increased by sustained, heavy exercise in humans, Quality of life and functional outcome at 3, 6 and 12 months after acute necrotising pancreatitis, Noninvasive Determination of Anaerobic Threshold by Monitoring the %SpO2 Changes and Respiratory Gas Exchange, Point:Counterpoint: Exercise-induced intrapulmonary shunting is imaginary vs. real, Counterpoint: Exercise-induced intrapulmonary shunting is real, Assessment of physiological capacities of elite athletes & respiratory limitations to exercise performance, Sex alters impact of repeated bouts of sprint exercise on neuromuscular activity in trained athletes, Rapidity of responding to a hypoxic challenge during exercise, A Genome Scan for Positive Selection in Thoroughbred Horses, Cardiopulmonary Aspects of Obesity in Women, Desaturation Patterns Detected by Oximetry in a Large Population of Athletes, Nervous System Function during Exercise in Hypoxia, Circulating Plasma Surfactant Protein Type B as Biological Marker of Alveolar-Capillary Barrier Damage in Chronic Heart Failure, “Beyond the ventilation”: a reply to the letter to the editor of A. M. Ferrazza and P. Palange, Relationship Between Airway Resistance indices and Maximal Oxygen Uptake in Young Adults, Preoperative Gender Differences in Pulmonary Gas Exchange in Morbidly Obese Subjects, Influence of Performance Level on Exercise-Induced Arterial Hypoxemia During Prolonged and Successive Exercise in Triathletes, Hyperoxia prevents exercise-induced intrapulmonary arteriovenous shunt in healthy humans, Effects of intermittent hypoxia on SaO2, cerebral and muscle oxygenation during maximal exercise in athletes with exercise-induced hypoxemia, Update in the Understanding of Respiratory Limitations to Exercise Performance in Fit, Active Adults, End-tidal pressure of CO2 and exercise performance in healthy subjects, Effect of altitude on football performance, Preparation for football competition at moderate to high altitude, Pulmonary gas exchange in the morbidly obese. 3, Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology, Vol. 2 SaO2 (%) = 110.4 − 0.38 ⋅ PaCO2 − 0.80 ⋅ a-a Do 2− 0.51 ⋅ V˙o 2 max/kg. For combined human and animal group mean data (Table 1), variations in O2 saturation at maximum exercise are best predicted from a multiple linear-regression model (r = 0.93)2, where ventilation (as reflected byPaCO2) explains ∼60% of the variance in SaO2,V˙o 2 max accounts for 25% of it, anda-a Do 2for the remainder. 2015 Jul-Aug;33(4 Suppl 91):S142-7. Rice A. J., Thornton A. T., Gore C. J., Scroop G. C., Greville H. W., Wagner H., Wagner P. D., Hopkins S. R. Pulmonary gas exchange during exercise in highly trained cyclists with arterial hypoxemia. CHEST J. Conclusion: Circulatory function during exercise: integration of convection and diffusion. J. 49, No. The magnitude of the postpulmonary shunt in exercising humans is not known precisely. Disclaimer, National Library of Medicine Our techniques have as yet failed to provide a sufficiently clear window on lung function during heavy exercise so as to permit precise quantitation of extravascular lung water, or of morphological changes in the diffusion pathway or in the uniformity of red blood cell transit time distribution, or of inflammatory changes in the so-called “silent zone” of the lung's peripheral airways. 280, 4 August 2020 | International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Vol. Current guidelines are … 118, No. In many cases, a consistent fall inPaO2 is not obvious until very heavy or maximum exercise. Shunts may occur 1) within the lungs or between atria, ventricles, or great vessels; and2) in a postpulmonary setting, due to venous admixture of arterial blood with blood from bronchial and thebesian veins. 2, Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism, Vol. Effects of hyperoxia on human performance. 7, 17 February 2012 | European Journal of Applied Physiology, Vol. Any resulting change inV˙o 2 max is attributable, then, to differences in theV˙o 2 of nonexercising tissue, such as hypoperfused splanchnic tissue. It is important to keep in mind thatSaO2 may be reduced in heavy exercise, not only because of reductions in PaO2but also (and often to an equal extent) by a pH- and temperature-induced rightward shift of the HbO2 dissociation curve (see Figs.1 and 2). Both an excessive alveolar-to-arterialPO2 difference (a-a Do 2) (>25–30 Torr) and inadequate compensatory hyperventilation (arterial PCO2 >35 Torr) commonly contribute to EIAH, as do acid- and temperature-induced shifts in O2 dissociation at any given arterial PO2. 4, 27 September 2011 | European Journal of Applied Physiology, Vol. 122, No. This enables exercise capacity to increase, an effect also seen when O2 supplementation to inspired air restores arterial oxygenation. 2, No. 44, No. Athletes who display reduced arterial O2 saturation during intense exercise in normoxia are more susceptible to reduced VO2max in mild hypoxia (5). , 37 (4), 97-103. 5, No. 26, No. Thus, because alveolar ventilation increases relatively more than does cardiac output (Q˙) during exercise, theV˙a/Q˙distribution is shifted to a higher range ofV˙a/Q˙ratios, thereby raising alveolar and thus arterialPO2. 2, 15 November 2009 | European Journal of Applied Physiology, Vol. 2max Patients and methods: Perez T, Deslée G, Burgel PR, Caillaud D, Le Rouzic O, Zysman M, Escamilla R, Jebrak G, Chanez P, Court-Fortune I, Brinchault-Rabin G, Nesme-Meyer P, Paillasseur JL, Roche N; Initiatives BPCO Scientific Committee. : what do we know, and what do we still need to know? 2010;65(11):956–962. Furthermore, the decrease in skeletal muscle … 3, 1 August 2001 | Journal of Applied Physiology, Vol. Am. PMC Epub 2013 Oct 9. Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing in Athletes: Expect the Unexpected. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the (2008). 16, No. ROC curve of LU scores based on the whole sample. This causes coughing, wheezing and shortness of breath. 15, 30 September 2019 | European Journal of Sport Science, Vol. In turn, expiratory flow limitation presents a significant mechanical constraint to exercise hyperpnea, whereas ventilation-perfusion ratio maldistribution and diffusion limitation contribute about equally to the excessivea-a Do 2. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! doi: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2020-215818. 9, Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology, Vol. The reduced mixed venous PO2 further reduces PaO2, but both intrapulmonary and extrapulmonary shunts appear to be negligible. Decreased arterial PO2, not O 7, 11 October 2013 | Genes & Genomics, Vol. EID seems to be associated with impaired daily physical activity which supports … -, Lerum TV, Aaløkken TM, Brønstad E, Aarli B, Ikdahl E, Lund KMA. The effect is to cause more diffusion limitation and also to reduce end-capillary PO2 in regions of the lung where lowV˙a/Q˙ratios exist (59). The prevalence of EIAH near sea level has been estimated at ∼50% of young, adult, highly fit male athletes (40), but this estimate is at best a guess, because insufficient numbers of subjects have been tested by using direct measurements of arterial blood gases. 1-2, 28 May 2010 | The Journal of Physiology, Vol. 1, 4 December 2006 | Respiration, Vol. During exercise in normoxia, a shunt as small as 1–2% of the cardiac output may account for a substantial portion of the difference between predicted and measured a-aDo 2 (8), whereas in hypoxia unreasonably high amounts of shunt in the range of 10–20% of the cardiac output are required to account for the predicted to measured a-aDo 2 (36). Everest (8,849 m)? 10, No. sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal The patients with EID had a shorter 6-min walk distance than those without desaturation (352.08±120.29 vs 426.56±112.56, p<0.0001). Predictors in routine practice of 6-min walking distance and oxygen desaturation in patients with COPD: impact of comorbidities. Lung mitochondria adaptation to endurance training in rats, Physiological sex differences affect the integrative response to exercise: acute and chronic implications, Peripheral chemoresponsiveness during exercise in male athletes with exercise‐induced arterial hypoxaemia, Respiratory and cardiopulmonary limitations to aerobic exercise capacity in adults born preterm, Non‐invasive hemodynamic profile of early COVID‐19 infection, The physiology of rowing with perspective on training and health, Oxygen supplementation increases the total work and muscle damage markers but reduces the inflammatory response in COPD patients, Exercise-Induced Elevated BDNF Level Does Not Prevent Cognitive Impairment Due to Acute Exposure to Moderate Hypoxia in Well-Trained Athletes, Muscle and cerebral oxygenation during exercise in athletes with exercise-induced hypoxemia: A comparison between sea level and acute moderate hypoxia, Noninvasive Pulmonary Hemodynamic Evaluation in Athletes With Exercise-Induced Hypoxemia, Lung function and oxygen saturation after participation in Norseman Xtreme Triathlon, The association between normal lung function and peak oxygen uptake in patients with exercise intolerance and coronary artery disease, Influence of high affinity haemoglobin on the response to normoxic and hypoxic exercise, Physiology of Exercise and Effects of Lung Disease on Performance. 6-min walking test; Acute respiratory failure; COVID-19 Pneumonia; Lung ultrasound; desaturation. 14, No. Rowell L., Taylor H. L., Wang Y., Carlson W. B. It is postulated that oxygen may enhance the exercise training of … 6, 28 March 2012 | Experimental Physiology, Vol. 5, Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, Vol. https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1999.87.6.1997, Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing Interpretation in Athletes, Peripheral hypercapnic chemosensitivity in trained and untrained females and males during exercise, Alveolar Dead Space Is Augmented During Exercise in Patients With Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction, Effects of Aerobic Training in Patients with Subacute COVID-19: A Randomized Controlled Feasibility Trial, Determinants of maximal oxygen consumption, Physiological basis of brief, intense interval training to enhance maximal oxygen uptake: a mini-review, Impairment in maximal lactate steady state after carbon monoxide inhalation is related to training status, Effects of Acute Exposure and Acclimatization to High-Altitude on Oxygen Saturation and Related Cardiorespiratory Fitness in Health and Disease, Utilization of Ischemic Preconditioning for Athletes Competing and Training at Altitude: Applications and Perspectives, Ischemic Preconditioning Attenuates Rating of Perceived Exertion But Does Not Improve Maximal Oxygen Consumption or Maximal Power Output, Effects of caffeine ingestion on cardiopulmonary responses during a maximal graded exercise test: a systematic review with meta-analysis and meta-regression, Pulmonary Capacity, Blood Composition and Metabolism among Coal Mine Workers in High- and Low-Altitude Aboveground and Underground Workplaces, The effects of a respiratory training mask on steady-state oxygen consumption at rest and during exercise, Effects of Drinking Oxygenated Water on Blood Oxygen Saturation During Exercise Under Normobaric Hypoxic Conditions: A Randomized Placebo-controlled Single-blinded Trial, A century of exercise physiology: key concepts on coupling respiratory oxygen flow to muscle energy demand during exercise, Dose of Bicarbonate to Maintain Plasma pH During Maximal Ergometer Rowing and Consequence for Plasma Volume, Neuromuscular fatigability at high altitude: Lowlanders with acute and chronic exposure, and native highlanders, Sex, gender and the pulmonary physiology of exercise, Hyperoxia Improves Repeated-Sprint Ability and the Associated Training Load in Athletes.
Swr Sascha Becker Und Dorit Becker Ein Paar, Ticketerstattung Eventim Abzug,